Self-Potential or Spontaneous Potential Method:

The Self Potential (SP) or Spontaneous Potential method is a passive geophysical technique used primarily in exploration to detect natural electrical potentials in the Earth. It requires no external current source and relies on measuring voltage differences caused by natural processes such as electrochemical reactions, fluid flow, or thermal gradients. This method is cost-effective, non-invasive, and useful for locating mineral deposits, groundwater flow paths, geothermal activity, and environmental anomalies. It has been used successfully for leakage detection in dams and at other locations alongwith ERT.